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2,200-year-old leaf-wrapped grain bundles found in Chinese tomb may be ancient precursor to ‘zongzi’_我的网站
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In March 2024, archaeologists from the National Center for Archaeology excavated a large number of well-preserved, waterlogged plant bundles from the tomb's outer coffin chamber. On-site, the plant bundles could be seen tightly wrapped in broad leaves and tied with plant-fiber cords.
A team of researchers led by the National Center for Archaeology, IVPP, and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences examined 12 of the bundles and found that the wrapping leaves came from oak trees, while the cords were made from grasses.
The bundles mainly contained rice, broomcorn millet, foxtail millet, and cereal seeds, most of which were still in their husks and mixed with inflorescence material. Small amounts of peppercorn, mallow and rice-field weed seeds were also found.
The fact that the bundles were found in a tomb and mainly contained grains still in their husks suggests they were not everyday food, but offerings intended for funerary rituals. "This might reflect a Warring States-era belief that grains served as wealth for the dead in the underworld," Ge Yong, an associate researcher at the IVPP and the study's corresponding author, told the Global Times.
A Qin Dynasty (221BC-206BC) text describes a belief that "soybeans were gold and millet was money" for the dead, indicating that grains held symbolic significance in funerary culture. "The bundles therefore appear to have been ritual offerings prepared for the deceased," Ge said, "not food for the living."
The physical structure of the bundles also resembles that of zongzi, with grains wrapped in leaves and tightly secured with plant-fiber cords. "Similar practices of wrapping grains for burial have also been found elsewhere within the Chu cultural sphere," Ge said, "such as at the Chengyangcheng Site."
At the Chengyangcheng archaeological site in Henan Province, rice and broomcorn millet were also discovered wrapped in oak leaves. "An interesting fact is that we can still find zongzi wrapped with the same oak leaves now in regions related to the Chu cultural sphere."
"The findings suggest that wrapping grains as funerary offerings was a relatively common practice in the Chu state during the Warring States period," Ge said. "And this practice may have been an early form of the zongzi later associated with the legend of Qu Yuan."
These plant bundles share a structure similar to that of modern zongzi and to those described in legends and folklore. This might reflect how, through cultural exchange and heritage, these 2,200-year-old plant bundles likely evolved over centuries, shifting from sacrificial offerings to food, said Ge.
As diverse regional populations adapted the practice, it eventually transformed into the well-known Dragon Boat Festival tradition of eating zongzi. Thus, this structural resemblance might suggest a potential historical lineage; however, experts stressed that the Wuwangdun bundles should not simply be labelled as ancient zongzi.
"We can't define these plant bundles as the earliest zongzi, but rather, we can confirm that by 2,200 years ago at the latest, the Chu region had established a tradition of using this specific form of plant bundles for funeral rites. And this tradition could be a possible origin or precursor of the well-known zongzi," said Ge.
He added that the discovery provides critical physical evidence to explore the origins of zongzi and its cultural heritage.
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二 | 08月26日讯 中国足协发布新一期裁判评议，对裁判组处理深圳新鹏城队替换队员事件作出说明。指出新鹏城场上9打11丢球事件符合竞赛规则，但裁判组程序处理上存在不足。【相关】新鹏城申诉函内容：四官拒绝受理换人申请，球队场上仅有9人作战 【判例内容】判例七：中超联赛第24轮，深圳新鹏城vs浙江俱乐部绿城。比赛第80分钟，深圳新鹏城替换队员，因替换下场的11号队员未在10秒内离场，造成替换上场的17号队员暂时不能上场，之后深圳新鹏城15号队员受伤下场，未能作出替换。随后比赛恢复，深圳新鹏城场上队员暂时为9人，深圳新鹏城踢直接任意球恢复比赛后，浙江俱乐部绿城队得到控球权，发起进攻并取得进球。裁判员判进球有效。深圳新鹏城俱乐部申诉意见认为：本队在队员受伤后，已提交换人申请，但第四官员拒绝执行换人程序，导致本方在只有9名场上队员的情况下，被对方进球。对于此判例，经调查和了解现场情况，评议组作出如下认定和说明：第一，深圳新鹏城17号替换11号时，因后者未能在10秒限时内离开比赛场地，按照竞赛规则，替换上场的17号暂时不能上场，需在比赛恢复后再经过1分钟，之后的首次比赛停止时，得到裁判员的示意，方可上场。
三 | 第二，在比赛恢复前，深圳新鹏城15号受伤倒地，随后由担架抬出场地。
四 | 在此过程中，深圳新鹏城再次提出替换申请，由6号和25号，替换场上的2号和受伤的15号。第四官员未执行替换前的有关检查。此时比赛具备恢复条件，裁判员决定恢复比赛，该程序并不违反竞赛规则。
五 | 球队提出替换申请，并不意味着替换程序即刻开始，第四官员必须先进行一系列检查核对程序（包括检查核对替换单据、换人牌、本场报名名单、确认队员号码和参赛资格、检查替补队员装备等），所有程序就绪后，才可通知裁判员，并在比赛停止时进行替换。在上述检查完成前，如果比赛具备继续或恢复的条件，裁判员应先允许比赛继续或恢复。第三，此判例中，在深圳新鹏城15号受伤倒地时，比赛已具备恢复条件。但裁判员因深圳新鹏城15号受伤而延迟比赛恢复，此时如果球队提出替换申请，并且递交资料齐备，从管理角度出发，第四官员应优先启动替换前的检查程序（无论是否能够在比赛恢复前完成替换），其次再兼顾（或由其他比赛官员兼顾）暂不允许上场的深圳新鹏城17号的管理与计时（如果比赛恢复）。综上，此判例中，比赛在深圳新鹏城场上暂时只有9名队员时恢复，符合竞赛规则。但裁判组在比赛管理和工作程序处理上存在不足。
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